سالیدیفا

ByteCode چیه؟ و چرا باید از بایت‌کد استفاده کنیم؟

بایت کد چیه؟

بایت کد ها نتیجه کامپایل کد های سطح بالا قابل درک برای انسان، به کد های سطح پایین قابل فهم و اجرا توسط ماشینه(مثل ماشین مجازی اتریوم).

به بایت کد ها، کد های قابل حمل هم میگیم. چون مستقل از سخت افزار خود ماشین میتونن تو ماشینی که EVM روی آن نصب باشه اجرا بشن.

چرا باید از بایت کد ها استفاده کنیم؟

وقتی تو سالیدیتی اسمارت کانترکتی می نویسیم، این کد قراره تو EVM یا ماشین مجازی اتریوم اجرا بشه، و طبق توضیح بالا کدی که بتونه تو EVM اجرا شود باید به صورت باید کد باشه.

مثالی از تبدیل کد های سالیدیتی به بایت کد

به عنوان مثال به کد سالیدیتی زیر توجه کنین:

// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0
pragma solidity >=0.7.0 <0.9.0;

contract ByteCodeTest{
    string public name;

    function setName(string memory _name) public{
        name = _name;
    }

    function setPranaTech() public{
        setName("PranaTech");
    }

}

وقتی کد بالا را کامپایل می کنیم به نتیجه زیر می رسیم که بخش object همون بایت کد تولید شده از کدهای سالیدیتیمون میشه:

{
	"functionDebugData": {},
	"generatedSources": [],
	"linkReferences": {},
	"object": "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",
	"opcodes": "PUSH1 0x80 PUSH1 0x40 MSTORE CALLVALUE DUP1 ISZERO PUSH2 0x10 JUMPI PUSH1 0x0 DUP1 REVERT JUMPDEST POP PUSH2 0x6CD DUP1 PUSH2 0x20 PUSH1 0x0 CODECOPY PUSH1 0x0 RETURN INVALID PUSH1 0x80 PUSH1 0x40 MSTORE CALLVALUE DUP1 ISZERO PUSH2 0x10 JUMPI PUSH1 0x0 DUP1 REVERT JUMPDEST POP PUSH1 0x4 CALLDATASIZE LT PUSH2 0x41 JUMPI PUSH1 0x0 CALLDATALOAD PUSH1 0xE0 SHR DUP1 PUSH4 0x6FDDE03 EQ PUSH2 0x46 JUMPI DUP1 PUSH4 0xC47F0027 EQ PUSH2 0x64 JUMPI DUP1 PUSH4 0xDB05A73D EQ PUSH2 0x80 JUMPI JUMPDEST PUSH1 0x0 DUP1 REVERT JUMPDEST PUSH2 0x4E PUSH2 0x8A JUMP JUMPDEST PUSH1 0x40 MLOAD PUSH2 0x5B SWAP2 SWAP1 PUSH2 0x1FB JUMP JUMPDEST PUSH1 0x40 MLOAD DUP1 SWAP2 SUB SWAP1 RETURN JUMPDEST PUSH2 0x7E PUSH1 0x4 DUP1 CALLDATASIZE SUB DUP2 ADD SWAP1 PUSH2 0x79 SWAP2 SWAP1 PUSH2 0x366 JUMP JUMPDEST PUSH2 0x118 JUMP JUMPDEST STOP JUMPDEST PUSH2 0x88 PUSH2 0x12B JUMP JUMPDEST STOP JUMPDEST PUSH1 0x0 DUP1 SLOAD PUSH2 0x97 SWAP1 PUSH2 0x3DE JUMP JUMPDEST DUP1 PUSH1 0x1F ADD PUSH1 0x20 DUP1 SWAP2 DIV MUL PUSH1 0x20 ADD PUSH1 0x40 MLOAD SWAP1 DUP2 ADD PUSH1 0x40 MSTORE DUP1 SWAP3 SWAP2 SWAP1 DUP2 DUP2 MSTORE PUSH1 0x20 ADD DUP3 DUP1 SLOAD PUSH2 0xC3 SWAP1 PUSH2 0x3DE JUMP JUMPDEST DUP1 ISZERO PUSH2 0x110 JUMPI DUP1 PUSH1 0x1F LT PUSH2 0xE5 JUMPI PUSH2 0x100 DUP1 DUP4 SLOAD DIV MUL DUP4 MSTORE SWAP2 PUSH1 0x20 ADD SWAP2 PUSH2 0x110 JUMP JUMPDEST DUP3 ADD SWAP2 SWAP1 PUSH1 0x0 MSTORE PUSH1 0x20 PUSH1 0x0 KECCAK256 SWAP1 JUMPDEST DUP2 SLOAD DUP2 MSTORE SWAP1 PUSH1 0x1 ADD SWAP1 PUSH1 0x20 ADD DUP1 DUP4 GT PUSH2 0xF3 JUMPI DUP3 SWAP1 SUB PUSH1 0x1F AND DUP3 ADD SWAP2 JUMPDEST POP POP POP POP POP DUP2 JUMP JUMPDEST DUP1 PUSH1 0x0 SWAP1 DUP2 PUSH2 0x127 SWAP2 SWAP1 PUSH2 0x5C5 JUMP JUMPDEST POP POP JUMP JUMPDEST PUSH2 0x169 PUSH1 0x40 MLOAD DUP1 PUSH1 0x40 ADD PUSH1 0x40 MSTORE DUP1 PUSH1 0x9 DUP2 MSTORE PUSH1 0x20 ADD PUSH32 0x5072616E61546563680000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 DUP2 MSTORE POP PUSH2 0x118 JUMP JUMPDEST JUMP JUMPDEST PUSH1 0x0 DUP2 MLOAD SWAP1 POP SWAP2 SWAP1 POP JUMP JUMPDEST PUSH1 0x0 DUP3 DUP3 MSTORE PUSH1 0x20 DUP3 ADD SWAP1 POP SWAP3 SWAP2 POP POP JUMP JUMPDEST PUSH1 0x0 JUMPDEST DUP4 DUP2 LT ISZERO PUSH2 0x1A5 JUMPI DUP1 DUP3 ADD MLOAD DUP2 DUP5 ADD MSTORE PUSH1 0x20 DUP2 ADD SWAP1 POP PUSH2 0x18A JUMP JUMPDEST PUSH1 0x0 DUP5 DUP5 ADD MSTORE POP POP POP POP JUMP JUMPDEST PUSH1 0x0 PUSH1 0x1F NOT PUSH1 0x1F DUP4 ADD AND SWAP1 POP SWAP2 SWAP1 POP JUMP JUMPDEST PUSH1 0x0 PUSH2 0x1CD DUP3 PUSH2 0x16B JUMP JUMPDEST PUSH2 0x1D7 DUP2 DUP6 PUSH2 0x176 JUMP JUMPDEST SWAP4 POP PUSH2 0x1E7 DUP2 DUP6 PUSH1 0x20 DUP7 ADD PUSH2 0x187 JUMP JUMPDEST PUSH2 0x1F0 DUP2 PUSH2 0x1B1 JUMP JUMPDEST DUP5 ADD SWAP2 POP POP SWAP3 SWAP2 POP POP JUMP JUMPDEST PUSH1 0x0 PUSH1 0x20 DUP3 ADD SWAP1 POP DUP2 DUP2 SUB PUSH1 0x0 DUP4 ADD MSTORE PUSH2 0x215 DUP2 DUP5 PUSH2 0x1C2 JUMP JUMPDEST SWAP1 POP SWAP3 SWAP2 POP POP JUMP JUMPDEST PUSH1 0x0 PUSH1 0x40 MLOAD SWAP1 POP SWAP1 JUMP JUMPDEST PUSH1 0x0 DUP1 REVERT JUMPDEST PUSH1 0x0 DUP1 REVERT JUMPDEST PUSH1 0x0 DUP1 REVERT JUMPDEST PUSH1 0x0 DUP1 REVERT JUMPDEST PUSH32 0x4E487B7100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 PUSH1 0x0 MSTORE PUSH1 0x41 PUSH1 0x4 MSTORE PUSH1 0x24 PUSH1 0x0 REVERT JUMPDEST PUSH2 0x273 DUP3 PUSH2 0x1B1 JUMP JUMPDEST DUP2 ADD DUP2 DUP2 LT PUSH8 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF DUP3 GT OR ISZERO PUSH2 0x292 JUMPI PUSH2 0x291 PUSH2 0x23B JUMP JUMPDEST JUMPDEST DUP1 PUSH1 0x40 MSTORE POP POP POP JUMP JUMPDEST PUSH1 0x0 PUSH2 0x2A5 PUSH2 0x21D JUMP JUMPDEST SWAP1 POP PUSH2 0x2B1 DUP3 DUP3 PUSH2 0x26A JUMP JUMPDEST SWAP2 SWAP1 POP JUMP JUMPDEST PUSH1 0x0 PUSH8 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF DUP3 GT ISZERO PUSH2 0x2D1 JUMPI PUSH2 0x2D0 PUSH2 0x23B JUMP JUMPDEST JUMPDEST PUSH2 0x2DA DUP3 PUSH2 0x1B1 JUMP JUMPDEST SWAP1 POP PUSH1 0x20 DUP2 ADD SWAP1 POP SWAP2 SWAP1 POP JUMP JUMPDEST DUP3 DUP2 DUP4 CALLDATACOPY PUSH1 0x0 DUP4 DUP4 ADD MSTORE POP POP POP JUMP JUMPDEST PUSH1 0x0 PUSH2 0x309 PUSH2 0x304 DUP5 PUSH2 0x2B6 JUMP JUMPDEST PUSH2 0x29B JUMP JUMPDEST SWAP1 POP DUP3 DUP2 MSTORE PUSH1 0x20 DUP2 ADD DUP5 DUP5 DUP5 ADD GT ISZERO PUSH2 0x325 JUMPI PUSH2 0x324 PUSH2 0x236 JUMP JUMPDEST JUMPDEST PUSH2 0x330 DUP5 DUP3 DUP6 PUSH2 0x2E7 JUMP JUMPDEST POP SWAP4 SWAP3 POP POP POP JUMP JUMPDEST PUSH1 0x0 DUP3 PUSH1 0x1F DUP4 ADD SLT PUSH2 0x34D JUMPI PUSH2 0x34C PUSH2 0x231 JUMP JUMPDEST JUMPDEST DUP2 CALLDATALOAD PUSH2 0x35D DUP5 DUP3 PUSH1 0x20 DUP7 ADD PUSH2 0x2F6 JUMP JUMPDEST SWAP2 POP POP SWAP3 SWAP2 POP POP JUMP JUMPDEST PUSH1 0x0 PUSH1 0x20 DUP3 DUP5 SUB SLT ISZERO PUSH2 0x37C JUMPI PUSH2 0x37B PUSH2 0x227 JUMP JUMPDEST JUMPDEST PUSH1 0x0 DUP3 ADD CALLDATALOAD PUSH8 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF DUP2 GT ISZERO PUSH2 0x39A JUMPI PUSH2 0x399 PUSH2 0x22C JUMP JUMPDEST JUMPDEST PUSH2 0x3A6 DUP5 DUP3 DUP6 ADD PUSH2 0x338 JUMP JUMPDEST SWAP2 POP POP SWAP3 SWAP2 POP POP JUMP JUMPDEST PUSH32 0x4E487B7100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 PUSH1 0x0 MSTORE PUSH1 0x22 PUSH1 0x4 MSTORE PUSH1 0x24 PUSH1 0x0 REVERT JUMPDEST PUSH1 0x0 PUSH1 0x2 DUP3 DIV SWAP1 POP PUSH1 0x1 DUP3 AND DUP1 PUSH2 0x3F6 JUMPI PUSH1 0x7F DUP3 AND SWAP2 POP JUMPDEST PUSH1 0x20 DUP3 LT DUP2 SUB PUSH2 0x409 JUMPI PUSH2 0x408 PUSH2 0x3AF JUMP JUMPDEST JUMPDEST POP SWAP2 SWAP1 POP JUMP JUMPDEST PUSH1 0x0 DUP2 SWAP1 POP DUP2 PUSH1 0x0 MSTORE PUSH1 0x20 PUSH1 0x0 KECCAK256 SWAP1 POP SWAP2 SWAP1 POP JUMP JUMPDEST PUSH1 0x0 PUSH1 0x20 PUSH1 0x1F DUP4 ADD DIV SWAP1 POP SWAP2 SWAP1 POP JUMP JUMPDEST PUSH1 0x0 DUP3 DUP3 SHL SWAP1 POP SWAP3 SWAP2 POP POP JUMP JUMPDEST PUSH1 0x0 PUSH1 0x8 DUP4 MUL PUSH2 0x471 PUSH32 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF DUP3 PUSH2 0x434 JUMP JUMPDEST PUSH2 0x47B DUP7 DUP4 PUSH2 0x434 JUMP JUMPDEST SWAP6 POP DUP1 NOT DUP5 AND SWAP4 POP DUP1 DUP7 AND DUP5 OR SWAP3 POP POP POP SWAP4 SWAP3 POP POP POP JUMP JUMPDEST PUSH1 0x0 DUP2 SWAP1 POP SWAP2 SWAP1 POP JUMP JUMPDEST PUSH1 0x0 DUP2 SWAP1 POP SWAP2 SWAP1 POP JUMP JUMPDEST PUSH1 0x0 PUSH2 0x4C2 PUSH2 0x4BD PUSH2 0x4B8 DUP5 PUSH2 0x493 JUMP JUMPDEST PUSH2 0x49D JUMP JUMPDEST PUSH2 0x493 JUMP JUMPDEST SWAP1 POP SWAP2 SWAP1 POP JUMP JUMPDEST PUSH1 0x0 DUP2 SWAP1 POP SWAP2 SWAP1 POP JUMP JUMPDEST PUSH2 0x4DC DUP4 PUSH2 0x4A7 JUMP JUMPDEST PUSH2 0x4F0 PUSH2 0x4E8 DUP3 PUSH2 0x4C9 JUMP JUMPDEST DUP5 DUP5 SLOAD PUSH2 0x441 JUMP JUMPDEST DUP3 SSTORE POP POP POP POP JUMP JUMPDEST PUSH1 0x0 SWAP1 JUMP JUMPDEST PUSH2 0x505 PUSH2 0x4F8 JUMP JUMPDEST PUSH2 0x510 DUP2 DUP5 DUP5 PUSH2 0x4D3 JUMP JUMPDEST POP POP POP JUMP JUMPDEST JUMPDEST DUP2 DUP2 LT ISZERO PUSH2 0x534 JUMPI PUSH2 0x529 PUSH1 0x0 DUP3 PUSH2 0x4FD JUMP JUMPDEST PUSH1 0x1 DUP2 ADD SWAP1 POP PUSH2 0x516 JUMP JUMPDEST POP POP JUMP JUMPDEST PUSH1 0x1F DUP3 GT ISZERO PUSH2 0x579 JUMPI PUSH2 0x54A DUP2 PUSH2 0x40F JUMP JUMPDEST PUSH2 0x553 DUP5 PUSH2 0x424 JUMP JUMPDEST DUP2 ADD PUSH1 0x20 DUP6 LT ISZERO PUSH2 0x562 JUMPI DUP2 SWAP1 POP JUMPDEST PUSH2 0x576 PUSH2 0x56E DUP6 PUSH2 0x424 JUMP JUMPDEST DUP4 ADD DUP3 PUSH2 0x515 JUMP JUMPDEST POP POP JUMPDEST POP POP POP JUMP JUMPDEST PUSH1 0x0 DUP3 DUP3 SHR SWAP1 POP SWAP3 SWAP2 POP POP JUMP JUMPDEST PUSH1 0x0 PUSH2 0x59C PUSH1 0x0 NOT DUP5 PUSH1 0x8 MUL PUSH2 0x57E JUMP JUMPDEST NOT DUP1 DUP4 AND SWAP2 POP POP SWAP3 SWAP2 POP POP JUMP JUMPDEST PUSH1 0x0 PUSH2 0x5B5 DUP4 DUP4 PUSH2 0x58B JUMP JUMPDEST SWAP2 POP DUP3 PUSH1 0x2 MUL DUP3 OR SWAP1 POP SWAP3 SWAP2 POP POP JUMP JUMPDEST PUSH2 0x5CE DUP3 PUSH2 0x16B JUMP JUMPDEST PUSH8 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF DUP2 GT ISZERO PUSH2 0x5E7 JUMPI PUSH2 0x5E6 PUSH2 0x23B JUMP JUMPDEST JUMPDEST PUSH2 0x5F1 DUP3 SLOAD PUSH2 0x3DE JUMP JUMPDEST PUSH2 0x5FC DUP3 DUP3 DUP6 PUSH2 0x538 JUMP JUMPDEST PUSH1 0x0 PUSH1 0x20 SWAP1 POP PUSH1 0x1F DUP4 GT PUSH1 0x1 DUP2 EQ PUSH2 0x62F JUMPI PUSH1 0x0 DUP5 ISZERO PUSH2 0x61D JUMPI DUP3 DUP8 ADD MLOAD SWAP1 POP JUMPDEST PUSH2 0x627 DUP6 DUP3 PUSH2 0x5A9 JUMP JUMPDEST DUP7 SSTORE POP PUSH2 0x68F JUMP JUMPDEST PUSH1 0x1F NOT DUP5 AND PUSH2 0x63D DUP7 PUSH2 0x40F JUMP JUMPDEST PUSH1 0x0 JUMPDEST DUP3 DUP2 LT ISZERO PUSH2 0x665 JUMPI DUP5 DUP10 ADD MLOAD DUP3 SSTORE PUSH1 0x1 DUP3 ADD SWAP2 POP PUSH1 0x20 DUP6 ADD SWAP5 POP PUSH1 0x20 DUP2 ADD SWAP1 POP PUSH2 0x640 JUMP JUMPDEST DUP7 DUP4 LT ISZERO PUSH2 0x682 JUMPI DUP5 DUP10 ADD MLOAD PUSH2 0x67E PUSH1 0x1F DUP10 AND DUP3 PUSH2 0x58B JUMP JUMPDEST DUP4 SSTORE POP JUMPDEST PUSH1 0x1 PUSH1 0x2 DUP9 MUL ADD DUP9 SSTORE POP POP POP JUMPDEST POP POP POP POP POP POP JUMP INVALID LOG2 PUSH5 0x6970667358 0x22 SLT KECCAK256 ADDRESS 0xC0 0xC8 SWAP11 0xC6 NOT LOG3 DUP14 0xB4 BYTE SSTORE 0xBF CALLDATACOPY SELFDESTRUCT 0xE4 LOG3 LOG4 ISZERO 0xCF SWAP15 SWAP1 DUP12 SWAP2 SWAP6 GASPRICE 0xDF INVALID 0xC1 0x5D 0xE9 SWAP14 CALLDATACOPY PUSH5 0x736F6C6343 STOP ADDMOD GT STOP CALLER ",
	"sourceMap": "72:212:0:-:0;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;"
}

الان شاید براتون سوال باشه که چرا به جای نوشتن فقط bytecode، کل نتیجه را نشون دادیم؟ چون تو پست های بعدی میخوایم با بخش مهمی به اسم opcode آشنا بشیم.